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Plekhânov, who dedicated a review to him and also wrote his obituary (PLEKHÂNOV, 1923 PLEKHÂNOV, 1891). However, his book drew the attention, for example, of the Russian Marxist G. Although Metchnikoff proved to be an extremely important figure within the Reclus circle, participating in geographic societies and having his work reviewed by the Revue genevoise de géographie 1, the impact of La Civilisation was relatively limited in the field of academic geography. Reference books on the history of geography - such as those by Claval (2011), for example - emphasize the empiricism of our discipline and stress the importance of those authors who have proposed models that were later revalorized by the academic field of geography, such as those of Von Thünen and Walter Christaller. La civilisation et les grands fleuves historiques, par Léon Metchnikoff, avec une (.)ģ(1) Contrary to what some of the literature has stated on the history of geography, it is possible to discover a great interpretive model proposed by Metchnikoff based on the contributions of Carl Ritter. Thus, an analysis of his proposition demonstrates at least two facts: His thesis sought to explain, more precisely, how and where the first empires arose and how their expansion linked environments, territories, peoples and cultures, thereby finally opening up to an interrelated world from the social viewpoint.

In this article, we analyze Metchnikoff's thinking in his posthumous work entitled La Civilization et les grands fleuves historiques ( Civilization and the Great Historical Rivers ), of 1889, an unfinished book, which was organized and prefaced by Reclus, and published by Hachette, the same publishing house that published much of this French geographer’s work.ĢThe study of Metchnikoff's work may be justified by its innovative proposal: an evolutionary historical-geographical model for the relationship between man and nature. The author would like to express his gratitude to Federico Ferretti, Sergio Nunes, Rafael Gomes and Lucas Hanada Viotto Introductionġ In the genealogical search to establish the ideas that inspired Oriental Despotism by Karl August Wittfogel, and the geographic imagination of the early twentieth century regarding the East, one most outstanding feature is the influence of Léon Metchnikoff (1838-1888), an anarchist geographer, who was a specialist in the regions of the Far East, and with links to Élisée Reclus (1830-1905).